Montclair State University

       To read a posting on an anthropology discussion group that
       occasionally talks about the Ralph Linton article assigned on the
       first day of class, click on:

http://unauthorised.org/anthropology/anthro-l/october-1996/0240.html

For an obituary of Linton with links to several articles
about him, go to: http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/klmno/linton_ralph.html

For information on the new (2006) book on the contributions of ordinary people, including non Western peoples, go to

http://www.peopleshistoryofscience.com/

The Concepts of Western and Nonwestern

See the following links for information about the Battle of Thermopylae 480 BC which some observers believe generated the historical distinction between Western and non-Western. This will be explained in class:

http://www.hoplites.co.uk/html/thermopylae.html

http://www.livius.org/he-hg/herodotus/logos7_22.html Includes maps and photographs of the site where the battle took place.

2. Ethnocentrism—What It Is and Why Anthropologists Reject It.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnocentrism

3. Racism—the Genetic Version of Ethnocentrism and Why Anthropologists Reject It

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism

http://www.globalissues.org/HumanRights/Racism.asp Links to racism information in countries around the world

http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/misc/race.html Links to many high quality studies on race, genetics, DNA, fossils, etc. Some of the links may require that you go through Sprague Library’s electronic gateway to get the password.

http://www.aaanet.org/stmts/racepp.htm The May 1998 American Anthropological Association (AAA) statement on race

http://www.aaanet.org/stmts/race.htm The 1994 AAA statement on race and intelligence

4. Indian Silver and Gold on the World Market: How Native Americans Fueled the Modern Economy

http://www.bootsnall.com/samericatravelguides/jun00potosi.shtml A tourist guide for Potosí, Bolivia, with photos of the Cerro Rico

http://home.zonnet.nl/jneele/bolivia/ A photo series of Potosí, the Cerro Rico, and the mines

Bolivia: What the country is like today. The New Internationalist country profile for May 2004. Useful statistics and other information.

http://www.newint.org/issue367/profile.htm

5. Indian Contributions to Industrial Development

6. The Foods Native Americans Gave Us

http://www.raingod.com/angus/Gallery/Photos/SouthAmerica/Peru/IncaTrail/MachuPicchu1.html Machu Picchu photos.

For more Machu Picchu pictures, the pyramids of Egypt, and many other “sacred sites” around the world, see anthropologist Martin Gray’s site:

http://www.sacredsites.com

7. The Columbian Exchange

8. Farming Technology from the Indians

9. Native American Medicines That Still Save Our Lives or Ease Our Pain

The Ix Chel Tropical Research Foundation, also known as the Rainforest Medicine Trail in Belize:

http://southernhorizons.com/belize/cayo/medical_trail.htm The website and the trail and reality tourist center are run by Dr. Rosita Arvigo, who wrote the book on the recommended reading list on the course outline.

10. The Native American Contribution to American Democracy: a Debate

Native American Political Systems and the Evolution of Democracy:

An Annotated Bibliography by Bruce E. Johansen Professor of Communication and Native American Studies University of Nebraska at Omaha. Both the site above and this one next have links to other publications including the full text of some of Johansen’s books:

http://www.ratical.org/many_worlds/6Nations/NAPSnEoD87.html

11. Peru and the Incas—Mathematical and Scientific Achievements

http://emuseum.mnsu.edu/prehistory/latinamerica/south/cultures/inca.html

http://www.mayalords.org/ This site has Inca, Maya, and Aztec info.

http://www.incas.org/ has a slide presentation on the making of Peruvian wool textiles.

http://inca-foods.com/ to purchase Quinoa, Amaranth, Andean Lupin Beans, and more

12. Pre-Inca Achievements; The Lines at Nazca;

http://skepdic.com/nazca.html Basic info on the lines, links to a page honoring Maria Reiche, [http://www.morien-institute.org/mariareiche.html ], the German archaeologist who spent her life studying the Nazca lines, and links to sites with lots of photos of the Nazca lines. Includes links to sites by current archaeologists who are studying the lines.

http://www.beloit.edu/~museum/logan/catalog/samerica/peru/ancient/chimu/ The Logan Anthropology Museum of Beloit College collection of Chimu ceramics and textiles.

http://www.rose-hulman.edu/~delacova/chimu.htm. Photos of Chimu pottery and jewelry. Photos of Chan Chan (the Chimu capitol) and Paramonga archaeological sites.

http://www.precolombino.cl/PREC/amerpprec/amerprec/andes/pags/chimu.html From the Chilean museum of precolombian culture. Text in Spanish. Photos of Chan Chan buildings, map, and timeline. Click on all the underlined words.

14. Maya Astronomy and Mathematics

http://www.mayalords.org/

http://www.internet-at-work.com/hos_mcgrane/chichen/chichen_index.html

Virtual tour of the famous temple with the feathered serpent steps illuminated only on the two equinoxes -- the temple of Kukulcán in the late classic Maya center of Chichén Itzá.

15. The Non-European Origins of Writing

16. Egypt: The Geographical and Historical Background

http://members.aol.com/egyptnew/glyph.html This intro to the Egyptian hieroglyphs has additional links at the bottom of the page to maps of ancient Egyptian sites and much more. You can click around for hours.

http://www.ba.dlr.de/ne/pe/virtis/stone1.htm

A basic overview of the Rosetta Stone

17. Scientific and Architectural, and Mathematical Achievements of Ancient Egypt

http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Indexes/Egyptians.html The Egyptian numerals, examples of Egyptian mathematical computations, the Ahmes (Rhind) and Moscow papyri in clear photographs, and much more. Also links to web pages of mathematicians who have prepared materials on ancient Egyptian math.

View the Metropolitan Museum of Art's special exhibition on The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt (until 7 May 2006):

http://www.metmuseum.org/special/se_event.asp?OccurrenceId={B83F9585-FEAA-496C-9BCC-4644839921BC

18. The Pyramids

http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/11/01/html/ft_20011101.5.html

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/pyramid/

http://www.sacredsites.com for virtual tours of the great pyramids and much information about current archaeological and historical research on them.

19. Egyptian Contributions? The Black Athena Debate

http://www.worldagesarchive.com/Individual%20Web%20Pages/BlackAthena.html An eclectic site but with direct access to several of the scholarly articles and book reviews of the debate. Also has links to purchase several of the key books listed on the course outline.

http://www.culture.gr/2/21/211/21121a/e211ua08.html

The Greek Ministry of Culture's official site on the archaeological discoveries at Akrotiri on the island of Thera. The site includes a link to the Thera Museum with additional photos and information.

20. VIDEO: The Lost City of Zimbabwe [Sprague Library #3034]

http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/CIVAFRCA/MWEN.HTM A one page history of the Mwenemutapa people who built the city of Great Zimbabwe. By Richard Hooker of Washington State University

21. Serer Ecology—How to Preserve the Environment; Fulani Medicine and the Origins of Vaccination; Scientific knowledge and political organization in the West African empires of Ghana, Songhay, and Mali.

22. African Influences on American English

Optional Reading:

Vass, Winifred Kellersberger. 1979. The Bantu Speaking Heritage of the United States. Los Angeles: University of California Center for Afro-American Studies. Afro-American Culture and Society Monograph Series. Volume 2.

23. African Gifts to Western Music:

24. African Mathematics: Some of the Earliest Known Human Number Systems

25. African Architecture and Design

26. Black Rice – How Africans Taught European Settlers in North America to grow the first plantation crop.

http://agrifor.ac.uk/browse/cabi/detail/0c1cd16b4153e32247c92d37a04bade0.html Section on Oryza glaberrima or “African Rice” in a survey of “Lost Crops of Africa” by the US National Research Council. Click on the book title at the top to access the complete text of the 20 pages on African rice.

http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/99/25/16360.pdf A 6 page paper on the history and potential of Oryza glaberrima, the African rice variety, by Olga Linares of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama.

27. Chinese Mathematical Achievements, Alchemy, and the Origins of Gunpowder

hhttp://www.silkroad.com/artl/marcopolo.shtml

Brief overview of Marco Polo and his travels.

28. Chinese Medicine and Anatomical Knowledge

http://www.mic.ki.se/China.html. The Swedish Karolinska Institute of Medicine and Surgery links to many sources on traditional Chinese medicine. Includes historical materials on the development of ancient Chinese medicine.

http://www.worldscinet.com/ajcm/ajcm.shtml. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. Technical articles and English translations of original research from Chinese medical institutes on herbal and acupuncture treatments and their results.

29. Yoga and Ayurveda: Ancient India’s Modern Medicine

If you wish to read my advice about how to study more effectively, or wish to see examples of the kinds of questions typically found on exams for this course, take a look at:

Franke, Richard W. 1998. The Anthropology Student Guide to Better Grades. Department of Anthropology. Third edition. http://chss2.montclair.edu/anthropology/bettergrades.htm